Differential predictors of expressed emotion toward individuals with schizophrenia between families and halfway houses.

Background: This study investigated patient- and caregiver-related predictors of expressed emotion (EE) toward individuals with schizophrenia in families and halfway houses and yet understudied differential effects across settings. Methods: We included 40 individuals with schizophrenia living with their families ("outpatients") and 40 "inpatients" in halfway houses and recorded the EE of 56 parents or 22 psychiatric nurses, respectively, through Five Minutes Speech Sample. Each outpatient was rated by one to two parents; each inpatient was rated by two to five nurses. As EE ratings had a multilevel structure, EE predictors were investigated in backward stepwise generalized linear mixed models using the "buildmer" R package. We first fitted models including either caregiver- or patient-related predictors in each setting and finally included both types of predictors. Setting-specific patient-related effects were investigated in interaction analyses. Adjustment for multiple tests identified the most robust associations. Results: In multivariate models including either caregiver- or patient-related predictors, nurses' higher age, shorter work experience and lower inpatients' negative symptoms robustly predicted higher emotional overinvolvement (EOI). In the final models including both types of predictors, nurses robustly displayed lower EOI (i.e., reduced concern and disengagement) toward inpatients with higher negative symptoms. Several other features were nominally associated with criticism and EOI in each setting. However, no feature robustly predicted criticism in inpatients and criticism/EOI in outpatients after adjustment for multiple tests. In interaction analyses, higher negative symptoms differentially predicted lower EOI in nurses only. Conclusion: Our findings suggest setting-specific pathogenetic pathways of EOI and might help customize psychoeducational interventions to staff in halfway houses.

Family in Crisis: Do Halfway Houses Perform Better Than Families with Expressed Emotion toward Patients with Schizophrenia? A Direct Adjusted Comparison.

Expressed emotion (EE) toward patients with schizophrenia is typically reported to be lower in psychiatric halfway houses than in families. This is the first study directly comparing EE between these settings and investigating the pathways mediating EE differences. We included 40 inpatients in halfway houses and 40 outpatients living with their families and recorded 22 psychiatric nurses' and 56 parents' EE, respectively, through Five Minutes Speech Samples. Each inpatient was rated by 2-5 nurses and each outpatient by 1-2 parents. As EE ratings had a multilevel structure, generalized linear mixed models were fitted, adjusting for patient-related confounders and caregiver demographics. Mediatory effects were investigated in multilevel structural equation models. Outpatients were younger, less chronic, and better educated, with higher negative symptoms and perceived criticism than inpatients. Nurses were younger and better educated than parents. Before adjustment, EE rates were equally high across settings. After adjusting for patient-related confounders, emotional overinvolvement was significantly higher in parents. However, after also adjusting for caregiver demographics, only criticism was significantly higher in nurses. Patients' age, negative symptoms, and perceived criticism and caregivers' age and sex significantly mediated EE group differences. Our findings highlight pathways underlying EE differences between halfway houses and families and underscore the importance of staff and family psychoeducation.

Differential correlates of criticism versus emotional overinvolvement towards patients with schizophrenia living in halfway houses or with their families.

PURPOSE: This study systematically searched for differential correlates of criticism vs. emotional overinvolvement (EOI) towards patients with schizophrenia in families and halfway houses, which have only incidentally been reported in previous research. Identified patterns were compared across settings. METHODS: We included 40 inpatients with schizophrenia living in halfway houses and 40 outpatients living with their families and recorded the expressed emotion (EE) of 22 psychiatric nurses or 56 parents, respectively, through Five Minutes Speech Samples. Each nurse rated 1-12 inpatients and each inpatient was rated by 2-5 nurses. Each outpatient was rated by one or both parents. As EE ratings had a multilevel structure, weighted Spearman correlations of criticism and EOI with various patient- and caregiver-related characteristics were calculated and compared with Meng's z-test. RESULTS: Criticism was weakly negatively correlated with EOI in nurses but negligibly in parents. Distinct patterns of significant differential correlates arose across settings. Outpatients' aggressive behavior and parents' related burden were mainly associated with higher criticism. Inpatients' symptoms (agitation/aggression, negative and other psychotic symptoms) and nurses' burnout (Depersonalization) were mainly associated with lower EOI. Inpatients' perceived criticism and outpatients' previous suicide attempts were equally associated with higher criticism and lower EOI (mirror correlations). Finally, various inpatient attributes (older age, chronicity, unemployment and smoking) triggered higher EOI only. Inpatients' age, psychopathology (esp. agitation/aggression and negative symptoms) and perceived criticism survived adjustment for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest setting-specific pathogenetic pathways of criticism and EOI and might help customize psychoeducational interventions to staff and families.

Epidemiological study of Spinal Cord Injury individuals from halfway houses in Shanghai, China.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals in Shanghai and examine their treatment and rehabilitation for traumatic and complete SCI individuals. DESIGN: Community-based secondary data analyses. SETTING: Shanghai, China. METHODS: We analyzed gender, age at injury, complications, disturbances of function, treatment, etiology, and severity of injury of SCI individuals that enrolled in "halfway houses", government-supported community co-op centers. Bivariate statistical analyses were conducted to examine the factors associated with complete and traumatic SCI. RESULTS: We analyzed 808 SCI individuals who participated in halfway houses in Shanghai during 2009-2015. The male-to-female ratio was 2.1:1. The proportion of middle or elder age groups at injury (age 46 to 60 and age 61 or over) showed a rising trend from 1970 to 2015. The leading causes of SCIs in Shanghai were traumatic injuries (58%), followed by disease (29.5%). The proportion of traumatic injuries decreased over time, while the proportion of non-traumatic injuries rose significantly. A majority of traumatic injury individuals were aged between 16-45. CONCLUSION: The middle or elder age groups at injury among SCI individuals increased continuously from 1970 to 2015. The principal causes of injury in Shanghai were traumatic injuries and disease-related injuries. Men had a higher prevalence of traumatic SCI in Shanghai. Preventive measures should focus on male and middle-aged adults. As a fast-aging society in Shanghai, more effective prevention, medical care, and rehabilitation schemes should be implemented for aging SCI individuals.

O cuidado em enfermagem a pessoas idosas dependentes: cuidados domiciliares, hospitalares e continuados / Nursing care of dependent aged persons: home, hospital and continuing care / Atención de enfermería a ancianos dependientes: cuidados domiciliarios, hospitalarios y permanentes

O estudo objetivou identificar e comparar nos contextos da atenção básica, secundária e de reabilitação os cuidados de enfermagem prestados aos pacientes idosos dependentes, identificando os fatores que facilitam e dificultam a prestação desses cuidados de maior qualidade. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa realizada em serviços de saúde, que adotou o photovoiceque usa fotografia e voz na coleta de dados. Participaram doze enfermeiros dos três contextos com idades entre os 22 e 43 anos, sendo dez do sexo feminino. Os resultados sugerem que a promoção da qualidade de cuidado em enfermagem a pessoas idosas dependentes envolve mais trabalho e decisão em equipe multidisciplinar. Paralelamente, o principal obstáculo centra-se na escassez de recursos e desorganização. Os participantes salientam a importância do envolvimento da família, considerada parte da unidade de cuidado. Concluindo, os três contextos tendem a convergir em termos das necessidades identificadas para a promoção da qualidade dos cuidados...

The objective was to identify and compare the nursing care provided to dependent aged patients within the settings of primary, secondary, and rehabilitative care, and identify the aspects that facilitate or hamper the delivery of care. This qualitative study was performed in healthcare services, using photovoice, which uses photography and voice recording for data collection. The participants were twelve nurses from the three referred contexts, aged between 22 and 43 years, ten of whom were women. Results suggest that the promotion of quality nursing care of dependent aged persons involves more work and decisions made by a multidisciplinary team. The main obstacles are the scarcity of resources and disorganization. The participants emphasize the importance of involvement by the family, who are considered to be part of the care team. In conclusion, the three referred contexts tend to converge in terms of the needs identified for the promotion of quality care...

Se objetivó identificar y comparar en contexto de atención básica, secundaria y de rehabilitación, la atención de enfermería brindada a pacientes ancianos dependientes, e identificar factores que facilitan y dificultan la prestación de cuidados de enfermería de mayor calidad. Investigación cualitativa realizada en servicios de salud, que adoptó el photovoice, que utiliza fotografía y voz en la recolección de datos. Participaron 12 enfermeros de los tres contextos, con edades entre 22 y 43 años, 10 de sexo femenino. Los resultados sugieren que la promoción de calidad de atención en enfermería a ancianos dependientes involucra más trabajo y decisión en equipo multidisciplinario. Paralelamente, el principal obstáculo se centra en la escasez de recursos y desorganización. Los participantes enfatizan la importancia de la participación familiar, considerada parte de la unidad de atención. Concluyendo, los tres contextos tienen a converger en términos de las necesidades identificadas para la promoción de calidad del cuidado...

Halfway houses for alcohol dependents: from theoretical bases to implications for the organization of facilities: [review]

The purpose of this paper is to supply a narrative review of the concepts, history, functions, methods, development and theoretical bases for the use of halfway houses for patients with mental disorders, and their correlations, for the net construction of chemical dependence model. This theme, in spite of its relevance, is still infrequently explored in the national literature. The authors report international and national uses of this model and discuss its applicability for the continuity of services for alcohol dependents. The results suggest that this area is in need of more attention and interest for future research.